WWII Oran: More Clues

In Intelligence School we used to call this Photo Interpretation.  The photo of Dad’s driver and guard is possibly my most valuable clue as to what unit he was with early in WWII.  It took me a long time to realize what bumper markings were – much less what they meant.  As you look at the front of the truck from left to right is the unit hierarchy sometimes down to the truck number in the platoon on the far right.  MBS, the Mediterranean Base Section of Services of Supply appears to be the parent command.  “2 SV?” I believe stands for 2nd Bn Services Command.  (There’s probably a “C” after V.)  The Black driver is a good clue.  Necessity drove integration long before it became policy.  On the back of the photo is its identification: “My driver and gard (sic) in Oran”.  By that time Dad had been promoted from “T” to SSgt and truck platoon sergeant. Whether or not he was training an all-black Transportation Corps truck platoon (16 trucks) is questionable.  The online The Employment of Negro Troops was no help.

The second photo shows Dad in his summer Khakis and tie as a Technical Sergeant posing in one of Oran’s many truck loading sheds.  The “T” usually meant the GI was a technical specialist such as a mechanic, someone not yet in command of others.  In the background is an Army forklift – one of just ten at the port if I remember correctly and an unusually low number for the requirements of Operation Torch.  Note the triangular span of wooden gables under the shed’s ridge.  Judging from the shadows, the sheds are on an east-west axis.  When Services of Supply (Signal Corps, Engineers, Quartermaster, Ordnance, Medical, Chemical, Transportation Corps) landed at Mers El Kibir six miles away on November 11, 1942, Oran was beginning to get wet and cold.  I speculate his wearing of his summer service uniform might have been unavoidably late.  Just eight weeks before he’d been on the RMS Queen Mary with a large contingent of B-17 ground crews coming to England.  I’m still working on the “units aboard” puzzle.

Operations in Africa are overlooked.  All you see on TV is Pearl Harbor, the Battle of the Bulge, and D-Day.  There was dive bombing in Oran and ships blown up at sea off the coast like the Arthur Middleton which I believe Dad saw blown up on January 1, 1943 and night convoys to the east to capture Bizerte and evacuate Tunis where 250,000 Africa Corps Germans surrendered.  I think he was involved in that too.  Germans marched all night beside his resting drivers and trucks. There were bodies floating in Oran harbor when SOS arrived.  Ordnance men removed them.   Isn’t there anything out there besides Lee Marvin and the Big Red One?  The stories of the average GI are more interesting to me, especially when there’s a puzzle involved and it’s personal and some of those pieces are rare.

Finding PBS's Headquarters

After several years of searching I finally found the Leghorn (Liverno) headquarters of the entire support function for the 5th Army in Italy in 1945.  The relevance for me is that my father served at the Peninsular Base Section there for almost the duration of its time in Leghorn.  Besides, I think it’s an interesting story of how far researchers can go in solving their particular puzzles without going to the National Archives.  I’ve scanned two critical sources for educational purposes only: Tools of War and the declassified digital on-line Peninsular Base Section-Italy, WWII Operational Documents.  Those Baby Boomers and WWII historians interested in battlefield tourism might enjoy my story of how I found where PBS was located in Leghorn, Italy.  The cluster of buildings still exists.

It began with the purchase of a U.K. Leghorn map from Amazon for $30.  (I’d failed to find any topographic maps from WWII even from eBay so Amazon was a long shot.)  I couldn’t find its source so it’s for educational purposes only.  The photo doesn’t say much except there are military unit symbols giving away its nature.  At first, I thought the cluster of infantry symbols on the top arrow was the headquarters because PBS was a complex of many service and supply commands.  Also, there is also an airstrip in the distance.  I resigned myself to memorizing what the significance of Leghorn was to both the Germans and Americans.  It was a giant port and the central communications center for northern Italy strategically located on the Mediterranean.  PBS was there (bottom arrow) for a little over one year after its seizure in July, 1944.  I’ve concluded that the top arrow might be the location of the massive POW Camp 337.

Another location clue was gleaned from an aerial photo of the headquarters complex in Tools of War, a kind of year book for the Army.  As much as I tried, I couldn’t place that huge complex with any position on the map until I remembered that the operational documents of PBS mentioned a street, Via Mameli.  By chance I browsed Google Maps (Street View) and found a cluster of buildings that generally looked like the aerial photo.  I zeroed in on a sign above what appeared to be the main entrance: “Caserma Generale D’Amico.”  Caserma means barracks.  Its address was Viale Goffredo Mameli 106-112.  I noticed barbed wire on the top of one wall above the street.  I assume the building is an active (not abandoned old building) Italian police headquarters because through an opening I could see a courtyard with parked cars and men walking about.

I was impressed by how crowded the streets of Leghorn have become.  Apartment buildings have sprung up everywhere and fully grown trees make the narrow streets look like tunnels.  I notice the little things too like the stone fascist eagle on the second story edge of one building.  Those in construction would call it an architectural detail.  I looked closely at the aerial photo once more and found a speck in the same place on a building at the end of the street, but it was too small to identify.  Was that it?  Then I remembered an MP photo in Tools of War taken in front of PBS.  Above and on the second floor is the same fascist eagle and that’s how I found the headquarters of the Peninsular Base Section.

The RMS Queen Mary and Form 53-55

Ordinary people in extraordinary times and places have always interested me like a fly to sugar.  It’s even more special when the stories get personal and it didn’t get personal for me until I re-examined Dad’s WWII Honorable Discharge (WD AGO Form 53-55).  He told me he served with the 1^st Infantry Division and was at Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania and sailed on the RMS Queen Mary, a voyage escorted by destroyers that dropped depth charges.  In order to confirm his stated link to the 1^st Infantry Division, I began with Box 30, Military Occupational Specialty: “Subsistence NCO 820”.  That didn’t make any sense because in Box 41, “Service Schools Attended” the answer was “none”.  Then I learned in many cases, specialties could be randomly applied, but the discovery made research simpler.  Hint - his basic training had included training in the new GMC trucks the 1^st Infantry Division was to receive at Camp Blanding, Florida February 21, 1942. 

 I concluded Dad probably went straight from basic training at Ft. Riley, Kansas on December 10th 1941 to the 1^st Infantry Division after the war started, so he must have sailed on the famous voyage of the 1^st Infantry Division August 2, 1942 which was billed as the first time an entire division (15,032) sailed on one ship.  Its destination was code named “Wildflower” for Gourock, Scotland.  Troops were staged at Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, loaded at Pier 90 in New York, and sailed without escort on the RMS Queen Mary pictured in the public domain photo.

Then I looked at Box 36, “Service Outside Continental U.S., Date of Departure 5 Sep 42”.  It was the September 5, 1942 Queen Mary New York-to-Gourock, Scotland voyage (WW#17E) mentioned in Gray Ghost by Steve Harding.  Its destination was Wildflower and Nabob (Ireland).  Dad did not sail with the 1^st Infantry Division after all.  Could it be that the entire 1^st Infantry Division did not sail on the famous August 2^nd voyage?  Then I found out that, indeed, its 2^nd Battalion of the 16^th Infantry Regiment did not.  It had sailed on July 1, 1942.  Could its MT equipment and personnel were reassigned to the Transportation Corps, part of the newly formed Services of Supply to establish the Mediterranean Base Section in Liverpool which moved to Oran after the landing in North Africa?

The Gray Ghost account only went so far.  Then I stumbled into a digital record: Water Shipments of Personnel – 1942, New York Port of Embarkation, “Prepared by Historical Records Division G-3, HQ FILE NO. 370.5”.  Part of what I found was that units of the 13,838 troops were staged at Camp Kilmer, Ft. Dix, Ft. Slocum, Ft. Hamilton, not Indiantown Gap. 

Unfortunately, the old documents, which are now declassified, do not mention individual units most likely because of war time secrecy.  However, other Internet searches listed the 305^th Bombardment Group, 65^th Infantry Regiment – Hispanic, 303 Bomb Group, and the 91^st Bomb Group as passengers.  There’s got to be a manifest somewhere.

I’m going on the theory that he and motor transport were separated from the 1^st Infantry Division about February 21, 1942 during or after it was refurbished with CCKW GM trucks.  They probably were shipped on cargo vessels with its personnel leaving in convoy with the unrelated units on September 5, 1942. (I’ve yet to find out what Orders “MS-E-M 6-17-42 and MS-E-M 7-24-42” references and date mean.) 

At some point the personal historian of WWII has to establish a time line and especially proof or even a plausible unit that his subject was assigned to.  At first I took too much for granted and did not look at the scarce documents close enough, but the story is still a work in progress.  It’s a mystery I just can’t resist.